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Action of 24 March 1811
The Action of 24 March 1811 was a minor naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought as part of the Royal Navy blockade of the French English Channel ports. By 1811, Royal Navy control of the French coast was so entrenched that French ships were unable to travel safely even in French territorial waters. In late 1810, French frigates ''Elisa'' and ''Amazone'' sailed from Le Havre to join with a larger squadron at Cherbourg, but were intercepted by a British frigate squadron and forced to shelter at Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue. There they came under sustained attack and ''Elisa'' was destroyed, ''Amazone'' successfully slipping back to Le Havre under cover of darkness. To prevent ''Amazone'' from escaping once more, the British blockade squadron was reinforced.
On the evening of 23 March 1811, ''Amazone'' left Le Havre once more, sailing west towards Cherbourg through the night. Escaping the ships watching Le Havre, ''Amazone'' was sighted at dawn on 24 March weathering Cape Barfleur by ship of the line HMS ''Berwick'', which pursued the French frigate into a bay west of the Phare de Gatteville lighthouse. There ''Berwick'', reinforced by a squadron of smaller ships, attacked ''Amazone'' but was unable to approach through the rocks and shoals of the coast. Plans were made overnight to attack the frigate with ship's boats, but on the following day the French Captain Bernard-Louis Rosseau set his ship on fire to prevent its capture.
==Action==
By the autumn of 1810 the Napoleonic Wars had lasted for seven years and the French Navy, over the course of the conflict, had been successively driven from the Atlantic until every French port was watched by a Royal Navy close blockade, ready to attack any French ship which emerged from harbour. In 1809, the main French fleet at Brest had attempted to break out into open water, only to be driven back and defeated at the Battle of Basque Roads. Much of the French effort at sea subsequently fell on commerce raiders, including privateers and frigate squadrons, often operating from smaller harbours such as those on the Northern coast of France in the English Channel.〔Gardiner, p. 111〕 The two principal raiding ports were Cherbourg and Le Havre in Normandy, each of which maintained squadrons. In 1810, Cherbourg's anchorage held two ships of the line and a large, newly built frigate ''Iphigénie'', while the frigates ''Elisa'' and ''Amazone'' were stationed at Le Havre.〔James, p. 239〕
Both ports were watched closely by a blockade squadron detached from the Channel Fleet, including ships of the line off Cherbourg and two frigates, HMS ''Diana'' and HMS ''Niobe'', off Le Havre. On 12 November 1810 ''Elisa'' and ''Amazone'' attempted to break out of Le Havre and join with the squadron at Cherbourg, slipping past the blockade in the darkness. Spotted in the early hours of 13 November, the frigates managed to anchor at the well-defended harbour of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, where on 15 November they were attacked by the combined blockade forces from Cherbourg and Le Havre. Although the attack was beaten back, ''Elisa'' was too badly damaged to continue the mission and on 27 November ''Amazone'' successfully returned to Le Havre without encountering the British forces. ''Elisa'' was subsequently driven onshore and destroyed by the British squadron.〔Clowes, p. 474〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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